They are divided into MHC class I and MHC class II. These polymorphisms lead to significant differences in the resultant expressed human cell-surface proteins. The human MHC genes on the short arm of chromosome 6 (6p) encode for human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and are highly polymorphic. The Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) reported over 8000 allogeneic transplants performed in the US in 2016, with an even greater number of autologous transplants autologous transplants have steadily outpaced allogeneic transplants over time. Since then, allogeneic and autologous stem cell transplants have increased in the United States (US) and worldwide. The first successful allogeneic bone marrow transplant was reported in Minnesota in 1968 for a pediatric patient with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome. Donnell Thomas, continued his research on the development of bone marrow transplantation and later received the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for his work. These animal-based studies soon found their clinical application in humans when the first successful bone marrow transplant was performed between monozygotic twins in New York in 1957 to treat acute leukemia. It was based on observational studies in mice models, which showed that infusion of healthy bone marrow components into a myelosuppressed bone marrow could induce recovery of its function in the recipient. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HPSCT) was first explored for use in humans in the 1950s. It can also generate functional cells that replace dysfunctional ones in cases like immune deficiency syndromes, hemoglobinopathies, and other diseases. In addition, depending on the disease being treated, it may allow for the destruction of malignant tumor cells. It helps to augment bone marrow function. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HPSCT), sometimes referred to as bone marrow transplant, involves administering healthy hematopoietic stem cells to patients with dysfunctional or depleted bone marrow.
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